Cloud shared considerations (e.g., interoperability, portability, reversibility, availability, security, privacy, resiliency, performance, governance, maintenance and versioning, service levels and service-level agreements (SLA), auditability, regulatory, outsourcing)
Impact of related technologies (e.g., data science, machine learning, artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, Internet of Things (IoT), containers, quantum computing, edge computing, confidential computing, DevSecOps)
1.3 - Understand security concepts relevant to cloud computing
Cryptography and key management
Identity and access control (e.g., user access, privilege access, service access)
Data and media sanitization (e.g., overwriting, cryptographic erase)
Security considerations and responsibilities for different cloud categories (e.g., Software as a Service (SaaS), Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS))
Verification against criteria (e.g., International Organization for Standardization/International Electrotechnical Commission (ISO/IEC) 27017, Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS))
System/subsystem product certifications (e.g., Common Criteria (CC), Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 140-2)
2.1 - Describe cloud data concepts
Cloud data life cycle phases
Data dispersion
Data flows
2.2 - Design and implement cloud data storage architectures
Storage types (e.g., long-term, ephemeral, raw storage)
Threats to storage types
2.3 - Design and apply data security technologies and strategies
Encryption and key management
Hashing
Data obfuscation (e.g., masking, anonymization)
Tokenization
Data loss prevention (DLP)
Keys, secrets and certificates management
2.4 - Implement data discovery
Structured data
Unstructured data
Semi-structured data
Data location
2.5 - Implement data classification
Data classification policies
Data mapping
Data labeling
2.6 - Design and implement Information Rights Management (IRM)
Objectives (e.g., data rights, provisioning, access models)
Appropriate tools (e.g., issuing and revocation of certificates)
2.7 - Plan and implement data retention, deletion, and archiving policies
Data retention policies
Data deletion procedures and mechanisms
Data archiving procedures and mechanisms
Legal hold
2.8 - Design and implement auditability, traceability, and accountability of data events
Definition of event sources and requirement of event attributes (e.g., identity, Internet Protocol (IP) address, geolocation)
3.5 - Plan Disaster Recovery (DR) and Business Continuity (BC)
Business continuity (BC) / disaster recovery (DR) strategy
Business requirements (e.g., Recovery Time Objective (RTO), Recovery Point Objective (RPO), recovery service level)
Creation, implementation and testing of plan
4.1 - Advocate training and awareness for application security
Cloud development basics
Common pitfalls
Common cloud vulnerabilities (e.g., Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) Top-10, SANS Top-25)
4.2 - Describe the Secure Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) process
Business requirements
Phases and methodologies (e.g., design, code, test, maintain, waterfall vs. agile)
4.3 - Apply the Secure Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
Cloud-specific risks
Threat modeling (e.g., Spoofing, Tampering, Repudiation, Information Disclosure, Denial of Service, and Elevation of Privilege (STRIDE), Damage, Reproducibility, Exploitability, Affected Users, and Discoverability (DREAD), Architecture, Threats, Attack Surfaces, and Mitigations (ATASM), Process for Attack Simulation and Threat Analysis (PASTA))
Avoid common vulnerabilities during development
Secure coding (e.g., Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP) Application Security
Verification Standard (ASVS), Software Assurance Forum for Excellence in Code (SAFECode))
Software configuration management and versioning
4.4 - Apply cloud software assurance and validation
5.3 - Implement operational controls and standards (e.g., Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL), International Organization for Standardization/International Electrotechnical Commission (ISO/IEC) 20000-1)
Incident management
Problem management
Release management
Deployment management
Configuration management
Service level management
Availability management
Capacity management
5.4 - Support digital forensics
Forensic data collection methodologies
Evidence management
Collect, acquire, and preserve digital evidence
5.5 - Manage communication with relevant parties
Vendors
Customers
Partners
Regulators
Other stakeholders
5.6 - Manage security operations
Forensic data collection methodologies
Evidence management
Collect, acquire, and preserve digital evidence
Security operations center (SOC)
Intelligent monitoring of security controls (e.g., firewalls, intrusion detection systems (IDS), intrusion prevention systems (IPS), honeypots, network security groups, artificial intelligence (AI))
Log capture and analysis (e.g., security information and event management (SIEM), log management)
Incident management
Vulnerability assessments
6.1 - Articulate legal requirements and unique risks within the cloud environment
Conflicting international legislation
Evaluation of legal risks specific to cloud computing
Legal framework and guidelines
eDiscovery (e.g., International Organization for Standardization/International Electrotechnical Commission (ISO/IEC) 27050, Cloud Security Alliance (CSA) Guidance)
Forensics requirements
6.2 - Understand privacy issues
Difference between contractual and regulated private data (e.g., protected health information (PHI), personally identifiable information (PII))
Country-specific legislation related to private data (e.g., protected health information (PHI), personally identifiable information (PII))
Jurisdictional differences in data privacy
Standard privacy requirements (e.g., International Organization for Standardization/International Electrotechnical Commission (ISO/IEC) 27018, Generally Accepted Privacy Principles (GAPP), General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR))
Privacy Impact Assessments (PIA)
6.3 - Understand audit process, methodologies, and required adaptations for a cloud environment
Internal and external audit controls
Impact of audit requirements
Identify assurance challenges of virtualization and cloud
Types of audit reports (e.g., Statement on Standards for Attestation Engagements (SSAE), Service Organization Control (SOC), International Standard on Assurance Engagements (ISAE))
Restrictions of audit scope statements (e.g., Statement on Standards for Attestation Engagements (SSAE), International Standard on Assurance Engagements (ISAE))
Identification and involvement of relevant stakeholders
Specialized compliance requirements for highly-regulated industries (e.g., North American Electric Reliability Corporation / Critical Infrastructure Protection (NERC / CIP), Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act, Payment Card Industry (PCI))
Impact of distributed information technology (IT) model (e.g., diverse geographical locations and crossing over legal jurisdictions)
6.4 - Understand implications of cloud to enterprise risk management